Scalar Types

The five scalar types — Null, Boolean, Integer, Float, String — are the atoms of every value in LoraDB. Lists, maps, temporal values, spatial points, and graph types are compositions over these.

Null

Represents the absence of a value. LoraDB uses three-valued logic for comparisons involving null.

RETURN null, null = null, null <> null, 1 = null
-- null, null, null, null

Boolean operators propagate null carefully:

Expression	Result
null AND true	null
null AND false	false
null OR true	true
null OR false	null
NOT null	null

Null tests

Use IS NULL / IS NOT NULL — not = null:

MATCH (n) WHERE n.optional IS NULL     RETURN n
MATCH (n) WHERE n.optional IS NOT NULL RETURN n

Null in aggregates

Aggregate	Behaviour
count(*)	Counts rows; null bindings still count
count(expr)	Skips null
sum, avg, min, max	Skip null
collect(expr)	Keeps null

See Aggregation Functions for the full table.

Null in ordering

null sorts last in ascending order and first in descending order. Guard with coalesce to change placement — see Ordering.

Boolean

true or false. Bools are not integers in LoraDB — true = 1 evaluates to false. Use toInteger(b) to convert.

RETURN true AND false            -- false
RETURN true OR false             -- true
RETURN NOT true                  -- false
RETURN true XOR false            -- true
RETURN toInteger(true),          -- 1
       toInteger(false)          -- 0

Parameters

Bools bind transparently:

MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.active = $active RETURN u

Use as a flag property

MATCH (p:Product) WHERE p.in_stock RETURN p
MATCH (p:Product) WHERE NOT p.in_stock RETURN p

Note the short form: WHERE p.in_stock is equivalent to WHERE p.in_stock = true, but will also match only true — it drops rows where p.in_stock is false or null.

Integer

64-bit signed (i64). Literals can be decimal, hex, or octal.

RETURN 42, -1, 0, 0xFF, 0o17
-- 42, -1, 0, 255, 15

Arithmetic

Op	Example	Notes
+, -, *	1 + 2	Integer if both operands are integers
/	10 / 3 → 3	Integer division when both sides are Int
%	10 % 3 → 1	Modulo
^	2 ^ 10 → 1024	Exponent
unary -, +	-x

Divide or modulo by zero → null rather than an error.

RETURN 1 / 0    -- null
RETURN 10 % 0   -- null

See Math Functions → Arithmetic operators for the full details, including mixed-type arithmetic.

Conversion

RETURN toInteger('42'),     -- 42
       toInteger(3.9),      -- 3       (truncates)
       toInteger('abc'),    -- null
       toFloat(42)          -- 42.0

Use as an id

Integers are the most common id type:

MATCH (u:User {id: $id}) RETURN u

For very large ids, note integer precision in JS — values above 2^53 lose precision when crossing the JS boundary.

Limitations

Integer overflow is not explicitly guarded. Rust panics in debug, wraps in release. For extreme inputs, convert to Float first.

Float

64-bit floating point (f64, IEEE 754).

RETURN 3.14, 1.0e10, -0.5

Mixed-type arithmetic promotes to Float:

RETURN 1 + 2.5       -- 3.5 (Float)
RETURN 10 / 3.0      -- 3.333…

IEEE 754 quirks

• NaN == NaN → false
• NaN comparisons → false
• 1.0 / 0.0 → Infinity (not null — float division is defined)

RETURN 1.0 / 0.0          -- Infinity
RETURN 0.0 / 0.0          -- NaN

Rounding

See Math → Rounding:

RETURN round(3.5)        -- 4
RETURN round(2.5)        -- 2        (banker's rounding)
RETURN ceil(0.1)         -- 1
RETURN floor(-0.1)       -- -1

Use as a ratio / rate

MATCH (r:Review)
RETURN r.stars / 5.0 AS normalised   -- 0.0 .. 1.0

String

UTF-8 text. Either quote style works.

RETURN 'hello', "world"
RETURN 'it''s fine'        -- 'it's fine'  (double the quote to escape)
RETURN "with \n newline"   -- string with a literal newline

Concatenation

RETURN 'Hello, ' + 'Ada'         -- 'Hello, Ada'
RETURN 'id=' + toString(42)      -- 'id=42'

Other types must be converted to String via toString — + does not implicitly stringify numeric operands.

Useful functions

See String Functions for the full reference. Highlights:

RETURN toLower('LoraDB'),           -- 'loradb'
       split('a,b,c', ','),         -- ['a', 'b', 'c']
       substring('LoraDB', 0, 4),   -- 'Lora'
       replace('aba', 'a', 'x')     -- 'xbx'

Comparison

Strings sort byte-lexicographically. Case-sensitive comparisons are the default; normalise with toLower / toUpper for case-insensitive matching — see WHERE → string matching.

MATCH (u:User)
WHERE toLower(u.name) = toLower($search)
RETURN u

Lengths: bytes vs code points

RETURN size('café'),        -- may be 4 or 5 depending on encoding nuances
       charLength('café')   -- 4  (code points)

For display-length, prefer charLength. For serialisation sizes, prefer size.

Parameters

Scalar parameters bind transparently from host-language values — Rust primitives, JS numbers / strings / booleans, Python int / float / str / None. See the per-platform Getting Started guide for your language.

MATCH (u:User)
WHERE u.id = $id AND u.active = $active
RETURN u

Comparison matrix

	Scalar equality	Ordering
Boolean	true = true → true	false < true
Integer	numeric	numeric
Float	numeric (IEEE 754)	numeric; NaN incomparable
String	case-sensitive	byte-lex
Null	null-propagating	null-propagating (last asc, first desc)

Cross-type comparisons return null (type mismatch detection is not yet implemented — see Limitations).

Common patterns

Default a missing scalar

MATCH (p:Person)
RETURN p.name, coalesce(p.nickname, p.name) AS display

Safe equality

MATCH (a), (b)
WHERE coalesce(a.key, '') = coalesce(b.key, '')
RETURN a, b

Case-insensitive search

MATCH (u:User)
WHERE toLower(u.email) CONTAINS toLower($q)
RETURN u

Boolean flag pattern

MATCH (p:Product) WHERE p.in_stock RETURN p

-- Equivalent, explicit:
MATCH (p:Product) WHERE p.in_stock = true RETURN p

The bare form drops rows where p.in_stock is null — common source of surprise when a property is missing rather than false. Guard with coalesce:

MATCH (p:Product)
WHERE coalesce(p.in_stock, false)
RETURN p

Branch on a scalar with CASE

MATCH (u:User)
RETURN u.handle,
       CASE u.tier
         WHEN 'pro'  THEN 'paying'
         WHEN 'free' THEN 'trial'
         ELSE             'unknown'
       END AS segment

See CASE — LoraDB's conditional expression, supporting both "match a value" and "generic boolean per branch" forms.

Edge cases

Nulls in arithmetic

1 + null is null. Any arithmetic involving null propagates.

MATCH (p:Person)
RETURN p.name, p.age + 1 AS next_age
-- `null` if p.age is null

Booleans and truthiness

There's no truthy coercion. WHERE x requires x to be a boolean; WHERE 0 or WHERE '' are analysis errors. Use WHERE x IS NOT NULL for existence checks.

Very small numbers

Sub-nanosecond precision is lost on Float. For exact arithmetic on small quantities (money, percentages), use scaled integers (cents, basis points).

See also

• Lists & Maps — collections.
• Temporal / Spatial — typed domains.
• Math Functions, String Functions — operators and helpers.
• WHERE — null-safe filtering and comparison.
• Ordering → nulls.
• Limitations — overflow, type-mismatch behavior.